Singapore Airline Essay Example for Free

Singapore Airline Essay Singapore Airline has been widely acknowledged as well known brand name in the aviation industry since it was established in 1947, particularly in term of safety, innovation and excellent services. Due to the route network spans over 93 cities in more than 38 countries (singaporeair.com) with the most modern fleet in the industry, in addition to Star Alliance member airlines to co-operate with more than 20 international airlines over the world, Singapore Airline has provided the best services to its customer and built the strong brand in their mind. For over 38 years independent existence since it was separated form alliance Malayan Airway Limited in 1972, Singapore Airlines has continuously developed and rapidly become one of the great airlines of the World based on the superior values and the specific culture that it dedicates to customer. Besides, through the provided services, SIA has impressed in customer’s mind by its creativity, diversity and continuous improvement; throughout it could satisfy better the customer’s demand as well gaining the certain competitive advantages in the target market. However, during the history, SIA sometime had to face certain problems that came from itself and negative effects from external environment (inflation, crisis economy, etc.) as well. Especially, during and after the difficult economic situation when Sars outbreak in 2003 and economic crisis in Middle East in the same year, the relationship between the group management and the labor unions in internal organisation began to sour, particularly after the wage-cuts and lay-offs of over 400 employees. In fact, this was regarded as the highest number of lay-offs in the history of Singapore Airline. In order to archive its goals today as one of the world’s leading carries, Singapore Airline underwent the long history with the point of time as follow: The history of SIA started in April 1947, when the first flight of SIA took off from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia. At that time, SIA was known under the name Malayan Airways. In 1963, when Federation of Malaysia was formed, SIA was renamed Malaysian Airways. Three years later, 1966, when Singapore was separated from the federation, SIA became Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA). In 1972, it was split up from Malaysian Airways and keep operating under the brand name Singapore Airline till now. In 1986, â€Å"Singapore Girl† with the uniform of sarong kebaya was  born. This figure has become the famous icon of SIA that is a figure of a beautiful girl in the oriental scent, elegant and friendly, warm and full of empathy like the culture that SIA always tries to dedicate into customers. In 1990s, 2000s, SIA had expanded its route networks with more aircrafts: 22 B747-400s and 30 A340-300s in 1994, 77 B777s in 1995, and 10 A340-500 in 1998, 19 A380s 20 more B777-200s in 2001 (Singapore Airlines). In 2004, SIA opened the worlds longest non-stop commercial flight: Singapore to New York and Singapore to Los Angeles. In 2007, SIA made another record with the world’s largest commercial plane – A380. Nowadays, because of the route network spans 93 destinations in more than 38 countries with the most modern fleet in the industry, SIA has a strong presence in the South East Asian region, which together with its subsidiary SilkAir, connects Singapore with more international destinations in the region than any other South East Asian airline (singaporeair.com).

Memorandum International management associated Essay Example for Free

Memorandum International management associated Essay Businesses have crossed borders, and it has been growing rapidly in recent decades because of the liberalization of government policies, and technological expansion. To satisfy the global demand of customers, it requires strong managements skills, sensitivity to cultural issues, and intercultural competence. As the multinational corporations grows and improve the quality, and operate at international level, this is why managers should ask three critical questions, first why should I expand internationally? Second where should I expand? Finally, how to expand? Which will help to achieve successful strategic objectives. `In this memorandum the Board of Directors for ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc. concerns of the board of directors of the plant relative to international sales of products of for ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc will be examined. This memorandum analyzes the international management considerations associated with the plant. ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc is anticipating nearly twenty percent of the sales from the international and overseas market. Therefore, the board of directors has expressed their concerns about the management of  international aspects for the plant. Some issues have been identified in overseas management procedures, and considerations for the same are to be provided. This memorandum expresses the concerns for the same. The ABC, Inc needs to adopt international management strategies to sustain its competitive position in the market via adequate cultural, technical, political, and economic environment. Localization Concerns After knowing why to expand either to increase sales or to cut costs or for other reasons . The ABC, Inc, should decide which countries to enter first, which type of countries to chose, what criteria to follow to make these choices. The best suggestion for ABC, Inc is enter the countries with the largest potential customers for its products, however managers should also think about how likely they are going to success in particular foreign market, and how to measure not only the geographic distance, but language, cultural, administrative, and economic distances as well. Language Concerns Language affects the way of employees, customers and business partners communicate with each other. Based on the level of foreign language knowledgebasically the Englishin the countrys society, the ABC Inc. must carefully decide whether it can use English as a working and advertising language or if its management has to learn the countrys own language and build the strategy on that language (Kozenkow). Cultural Concerns The habits, behaviors and consumer preferences of every society are determined with Culture. While implementing a business strategy overseas, ABC Kitchen Inc, should consider all the cultural characteristics of the targeted society. When entering new country the t firm should ask if the customers want the same thing, or it will have to modify the product to fit their satisfactions. . Therefore, for increasing overseas sale, ABC Inc, must plan its overseas strategy keeping in mind of the culture of the country for which the strategy is being planned. Administrative and International Laws concerns The ABC kitchen, Inc, need to abide and respect the different regulations,  government policies, and legal systems, because countries vary widely on these dimensions, which require the firm to has a deep understanding on how to meet those regulations to avoid failure, even if the firm has the best products in the markets. Technical development concerns Differences among the technical development and facility of markets internationally or within the United States determine fundamentally the opportunities of production, sales and marketing of the operating businesses. Management can build your advertising and promotion strategy exclusively on the Internet if the majority of the national population or local community uses the Web as its primary source of information. Economic concerns An other important factor is economic concern which is the average of purchasing power customers in different countries, and how elastic this power is, therefore, it means how much demand for the product changes, as the price goes up and down, because this is a big deal for the firm to know who are used to buy products in the market, where every one is wealthy. In other hands, may people with low wage should be a target. Economic differences like these have a major influence on what type of products will be demanded. Supply Chain Management Supply chains are an integral part of global quality and cost management initiative, because a typical company’s supply chain cost can represent more than 50% of assets and more than 80% of revenues. (Ball, 2010), in other word, the ABC, Inc should reduce the inventory of chain supply to reduce the cost. In order to do that the Board of Directors of ABC Inc. has to expresses reconsiderations for management across business functions in supply chain management. Managing the flow of raw materials, supplies as well as finished products are equally important as the management of sales and marketing. Competition Another concern is the competition in overseas market. Local products tend to be cheaper than the internationally exported products due to various forms of taxes included in them. Therefore, how will be the completion met in the  overseas market and what the management plans to do with the taxes and prices in the overseas market, the board of directors should be interested in knowing these aspects. Finance and Accounting Another factor that the firm should take it on consideration is the accounting practices and standard changes across the national borders, it is an obstacle to merge subsidiary financial results with those at the parent company, this is why there is a growing movement toward convergence of accounting standards across countries (Ball, 2010). This convergence will help the financial management to be more integrating, because the statements will be comparable. ABC complete Kitchen Finance management is particularly a concern point, as overseas countries change in value in terms of each other based on currency exchange rates. How will the ABC Inc. comply with financial laws and regulations in the host country, the concern particularly addresses following questions to be answered: What management is doing to understand how fluctuations in currency value change international business transactions? What is the process for financial tools such as derivatives, hedges, payment timing, exposure netting, price adjustments, balance sheet neutralizing, and swaps, and how they affect business performance? When and how to pay exporters in forms other than money; buyers frequently prefer payment rendered in the form of goods or services (countertrade)? Human resource concern Board of directors of ABC complete Kitchen Inc. has expressed interest and concern about the strategies of management and have questioned that how will be the needs of the resources and workers will be met across different countries. Furthermore, what is the best way to meet the needs of these employees and also best utilize their skills and talents to keep the business functioning smoothly? (Business) Ethics and Society Concerns After the ABC kitchen,Inc established a business global plan for marketing, operations, and human resource management , should now establish an ethically and socially business plan among its international management considerations. â€Å"The purpose of the firm is not simply to make profit, but to create value for all of its stakeholders, business success is judged not simply by company’s financial, but by how well it serves broad social interests† (Laweren, 2008). In other words if ABC ,Inc want to successes internationally, it should adopt strategy that apply ethical values and the respect of people on its global environment and for different people that affect the company, from the stakeholder ,to the shareholders, employees, customers, and society. To achieve that the Broad Director of the firm should adopt a stakeholder theory that consists on: identifying the relevant stakeholders group, determining the stake of each group, determining how the expectation of each group are met, finally look for the stakeholder interests. By following these steps the firm will build a good relationship with the shareholder, moreover will build reputation and trust that will enhance its performance. Finally, f or the hiring process the ABC ,Inc should put values and ethics as requirement to hire new employees, because it will not just help the organization but the global market place. Conclusion In summary, getting global strategy wright can be very difficult, because it requires matching the wright reasons for going global with the wright places and the wright strategies. The ABC Complete kitchen, Inc should follow the steps suggested while managing significant differences between countries, and responding to the intense rivalry from both global and local competitors, however when the challenges are great, the ABC Inc should get it wright, to win in a really big way. References Ball,G. (2010). International business: The Challenge of global competition,12th Edition, New York, NY: the McGraw-Hill Companies Boundless.com. (n.d.). Considerations-when-managing-a-global-corporation. Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management- textbook/globalization-and-business-14/managing-international-corporations- 107/considerations-when-managing-a-global-corporation-499-10752/. Business, R. f. (n.d.). International Management. Retrieved from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Gr-Int/International- Management.html. Kozenkow, J. (n.d.). International Management Challenges. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/international-management-challenges-56168.html. Lawerence,W. (2008). Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy, 12th Edition. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Sullivan, D. (2011). Business strategies for organizational effectiveness within the global Perspective. Pearson Education, NJ: Prentice hall.

Poultry Waste as an Organic Fertilizer

Poultry Waste as an Organic Fertilizer LITERATURE REVIEW The several studies have been reported that the higher amounts of metals are present in different organic wastes, such as poultry fertilizer (Lopes et al., 2011; Bolan et al. 2004) and poultry fertilizer composts (Haroun et al. 2009; Farrell and Jones 2009a; Chen et al. 2008; Cai et al. 2007; Goi et al. 2006; Ihnat and Fernandes 1996; Ayuso et al. 1996; Ciavatta et al. 1993). These metals are potentially bio-transferable to soils and to different crops (Lopes et al., 2011; Achiba et al. 2009; Odlare et al. 2008; Bose and Bhattacharyya 2008; Kidd et al. 2007; Casado-vela et al. 2007; Korboulewsky et al. 2002; Cole et al. 2001; Bazzoffi et al. 1998; Pinamonti et al. 1997). Literature survey have suggested the both concerns of metals availability and mobility to humans environment, and their necessity for regular agronomic practices. The application of poultry waste as an organic fertilizer is major source for improving soil productivity and crop yield (Dikinya 2010; Cooperband et al. 2002). However, beside these beneficial applications of poultry waste, it is also responsible for different problems and adverse effects towards soil and plants and the trace level of these metals in plants may pose health hazards to plants consumers such as humans and animals (Singh R 2010; Arroyo et al., 2014; Diaz-Barrientoset al. 2003). The induction of HM due to poultry waste land practices to agricultural land may behave a different role in affecting soil composition and the growth of plant (Zhou et al., 2005; Miyazawa et al. 2002, Walker et al. 2003). Tao and Mancl 2008, estimated daily manure production by a broiler and laying hen to be 0.09 kg and 0.18 kg, respectively. Moreki JC and Chiripasi SC 2011; Edwards 1992, described the factors that influence manure production include type of chicken, age and breed, stocking densi ty, feed conversion, kind and amount of feed, litter, floor, moisture content of manure, and even climatic impacts during absorption. Ritz and Merka, 2009 reported, that the factors affecting composition of manure are type of birds, feed nutrient density, bedding material and amount, time in use and other management factors. 2.1. Beneficial impacts of poultry waste The poultry waste amendment in soil as a fertilizer is a common practice for centuries and it had been used the most desired natural fertilizer due to contents of high amount of nitrogen (Sloan et al., 2003) and nourishes plants with necessary nutrients. Poultry fertilizer have enhanced the product yield in several crops, such as Bermuda grass, wheat, rice, orchard, grass fescue, and corn (Moore 1995; Edwards and Daniel 1992; Wood 1992; Miller et al. 1991). Such practices of manures to agricultural soil raises organic contents, provides nutrients, improves soil structure and increases nutrients which are induced by crops (Lopes 2011; Singh and Agrawal 2008; Weber et al. 2007). It is reported that the increase in crops yield is due to the higher contents of Nitrogen present in waste, whereas, in rice crop S, Zn, P, K and N cannot duplicated in graded soils (Moore et al. 2005; Miller et al. 1991). Sunarlim et al., 1999 has been stated that, the application of chicken farm waste provide nutrients as well as134 increases the biological, physical chemical and properties of agricultural soil. It has been investigated by Jamali et al. 2008; Scancar et al., 2000 that, the higher amount of organic content and significant concentrations of P and N in solid waste endorse its usage, in the most cost- effective mode, as an agricultural manure or as a soil conditioner. Caviatti et al., 1993 11 stated that increase in pH of composite lowers the mobility of HM. The disposing of animal waste is the beneficial land disposal method and increases agronomic production (Ekop et al. 2011; Obasi et al., 2008). This is a typical economic sustainable means of changing waste to wealth. Due to the high cost of inorganic fertilizers, small scale farmers now apply livestock and poultry manure, sewage sludge and municipal waste to improve soil fertility (Odoemelam and Ajunwa, 2008; 51). In terms of HM stabilization in polluted sites, very small metal concentration of metals into shoot/stems is acceptable to prevent their induction to food chain via ecosystem described by Pichtel et al., 2000. Singh et al. 2012, reported that the nutrient accumulation amount vary by crop specie and variety. As reported by ul Islam et al. 2007, the association of microbes and root and soil and plant acts an active specie in regulation of HM transference from agricultural soil to edible parts of plants. Chibuike 2014; ul Islam et al. 2007 and Baker 1981, reported that these plants are able to tolerate the HM via three mechanisms, namely, (a). exclusion: restriction of metal transport and maintenance of a constant metal concentration in the shoot within the higher range of soil concentration (b). inclusion: metal concentrations within the shoot reflecting relationship; and (c). bioaccumulation: accumulation of metals in the shoot and roots of plants at both low and high soil concentrati ons. Thomas et al. 2012, stated that the essential and non-essential metals may accumulated in soils by means of wastewater irrigation, sewage sludge and poultry manure application by the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals. 2.2. Adverse effects of poultry waste Nowadays, environmental pollution is of high global concern issue. Regarding to this issue, HM pollution in agricultural soil has always been deeply focused by the scientific community 34. (A. K. Chopra., 2009; 34) reported that the HM are usually present at lower concentrations in soil, due to their toxicity and cumulative behavior HM does not only have toxic effects on plants but also create human health problems. The existence of HM in animal excretion (livestock and poultry manure) may contained in their feed or other supplements (Hamid and Jawaid 2013; Lopes 2011; Petersen et al. 2007; European Commission 2003). Therefore, the extent of HM in manure is usually moderate for lead and cadmium. The micronutrients such as Zn and Cu, generally added to animal feed supplements, to enhance the production and disease prevention (Nicholson et al. 1999). It was reported by Barathi et al., 2013, Kelleher, et al., 2002, that utilization of poultry waste as fertilizer have many adverse impacts, such as ground and surface water contamination, odors and insect accumulation with decrease in crop production. (FAO, 2006) stated that the aerial emissions of pollutants from poultry production facilities can affect air quality. Ammonia emitted into the atmosphere is arguably the most environmentally significant aerial contaminant related with poultry production. Zhang et al. 2005 reported that, the excreta of poultry farms contain some harmful components, such as HM, pathogenic microorganisms and veterinary drugs. McLaughlin et al., 1999 has reported that all HM are toxic at higher concentrations. Ligaba 2011 and Barazani 2004 reported that, the HM due to oxidative damage in plants may responsible to create toxicity to higher plants , including enhanced lipid per oxidation, oxidation of protein and reductants in the cell DNA impairment, , 12 stated that the, toxic metals have negative impact on crops may be due to oxidative stress, dislocating of enzymes or essential metals within the pigments present in plants, disruption of the molecules, metabolic processes and reduce the growth and production yield (Stohs and Bagchi, 1995, Zhang, et al., 2000). Bolan et al. 2004 and Park et al. 2011 stated that the beneficial effects, concern over the potential hazards associated with organic manures continues to attract the attention. Dean 2008 stated that, the PM may contain relatively high concentrations of several trace metals such as: Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe and Zn as reported by Unwin, 1998; Sims and Wolf, 19 94; Bolan et al., 2010. A.K. Chopra, 2009, reported that, HM are the important pollutant group, these are stable and cannot be degraded or destroyed, therefore these tend to accumulate in soils. The HM also occur in nature, their excessive accumulation can create carcinogenic and other toxic effects in living organisms. Further he reported that, various industries are playing a key role in this context by discharging a large amount of effluents on the land soil. According to Gupta 2007, the distribution and absorption of HM in tissues of vegetable plants are important to assess and monitor the role of phytoremediation in metaliferous soils. Lente, J. 2014; Drechsel, 2014 and Muchuwati M. 2006, described that, the regular assessment in agricultural soils and crops is therefore, very important to analyze concentration and conceive the method to reduce contamination, in order to reduce risks to human health. In vegetables these HM accumulate in edible parts (fruits, leaves and roots) and the HM are most often found in vegetables include cadmium, copper, arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt and nickel earlier described by Drechsel, 2014; Lakmalie 2011 and Muchuwati et al., 2006, stated that other than the safety risks, HM higher than the permissible limits also pollute soils and affect quality and growth of crops. The trace levels of HM may create problems in soil, such as food chain contaminations and phytotoxicity as stated by Kumaragamage an d Indraratne 2011; Nicholson et al., 2003 and 35, 85. Arunakumara et al., 2013; Sadon et al., 2012; Chand et al.,2012, have been reported that contamination of agricultural soils with HM, created significant environmental problems and Rotkittikhun 2007 stated that, their uptake by plants can have strong adverse impacts on human health contaminated via food chain. McLaughlin et al., 2000; Pierzynski et al., 2000 have documented that synthetic fertilizers and pesticides contain trace metals as impurities or active ingredients. Singh and Aggarwal, 2006 reported, the crop yields get contaminated, the excessive metals in the plant can result in decreased crop yield too due to the inhibition of plant metabolic processes. Baig et al. 2011; Cooper et al., 2011 and ul Islam 2007 estimated that, thresholds of nutritional toxicity in soil to plant system and accumulation of HM in plants may vary with several factors. Roeper et al. 2005; 41 contended that the problem created due to the poultry industries is the excreted manure, it is hazardous to livings and environment due improper disposing and treatment methods. Furthermore, it spread diseases, contaminate the groundwater resources and agricultural soils, if not handled properly. 2.3. Sequential Extraction of HM The bioavailable and mobile HM, and their ecotoxicity to crops, rely and depend upon the origin of bonding and their definite chemical forms 35. In order to evaluate and monitor geochemical forms and harmful effects, these physicochemical forms should be evaluated, rather than the total metal concentration investigated by Fuentes 2004; Pueyo et al., 2001; Fernandez et al., 2000; Perez -Cid et al., 1999; Legret, 1993. The environmental behavior of potentially toxic metals critically rely on their origins (Bacon et al. 2008; Kazi et al. 2006; Ure and Davidson 2002). The way by which HM bound to solid components of environment, like sediments and soils, this act may affect the bioavailability, mobility and toxicity of metals towards livings (Bacon et al. 2008). The Sequential Extraction scheme was firstly suggested by Lasheen 2009; Kersten and Forstner 1986; Tessier et al. 1979; which comprises five steps: Yao 2009 (i) Exchangeable fraction, (ii) Carbonated bound fraction (extracted by acetic-acetate buffer), 114 (iii) Fe/Mn oxide bound fraction (extracted by hydroxylamine), (iv) Organic matter bound fraction (extracted by hydrogen peroxide in nitric acid) and (v) Residual fraction. The Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) in 1987 also began a scheme to harmonies the procedure used in the sequential extraction schemes to determine the levels of HM in various environmental samples, it was also used to define CRM (certified reference material) by Ure et al., 1993. This procedure has been historically used to various matrix, such as soil (Vieira 2009; Vidaland Rauret, 1993), sewage sludge (Prez-Cid et al., 1996, Alvarez et al., 2002), sediment (Thomas85et al., 1994, Marin et al., 1997), ash (Villar et al., 2001) and composts (Oyeyiola 2011; Gre enway and Song, 2002). The BCR sequential extraction, a simple 70 3-steps and an additional step, which give rise to four different fractions that was thoroughly tested by inter laboratory trials reported by Delgado 2011; Tokalioglu et al., 2000. The original procedure was reported by Quevauviller et al., 1994 and Quevauviller, 1998, Cappuyns 2009, consist 3-extractions which separated ‘acid extractable’ (CH3COOH 0.11 M), ‘reducible’ (NH2OH.HCl, 0.1 M, pH 2) and ‘oxidisable’ (H2O2 30%) fractions. 2.4. Modified BCR Procedure The reducing extraction (NH2OH.HCl) fraction in the BCR sequential extraction scheme was found to suffer from a lack of reproducibility (Cappuyns 2007). After testing different reaction conditions (concentration of the reagent, pH), the NH2OH.HCl concentration was changed to 0.5 M and the pH of the reagent was adjusted to 1.5 by addition of a fixed volume of HNO3 instead of 0.1 M NH2OH.HCl at pH 2 39. Original BCR procedure recently being superseded by a modified version and this procedure is very popular during recent years and their application has increased lately, during the certification of Reference Materials reported by Sahuquillo et al.,1999, Rauret et al., 2000; 103 Perez Cid et al., 2001, Sutherland and Tack, 2002, Mossop and Davidson, 2003; Kazi et al., 2006. The revised protocol involves use of an increased concentration of NH2OH †¢HCl and lower pH (Mossop 2003). It improves reproducibility due, it is thought, to a more efficient dissolution of the reducible fraction of the soil matrix, most probably the iron oxyhydroxide phase. 2.5. Single Extractions The single extraction procedures are widely used as a general tool to evaluate metal polluted sediments, sewage sludge (MarguÄ ± 2004; Hardaway et al., 1999), construction materials and soils (van der Sloot et al., 1996). Ph. Quevauviller et al., 1997, investigated that for soil and environmental samples the most commonly used leaching/extraction tests were selected in order to identify the degree of similarity, exchangeability and/or complementary nature of data. These tests consisted of single extractions using water, mild (CaCl2, NaNO3), acid (CH3COOH) and complexing extractants (EDTA, DTPA) (Houba et al., 1990, Gupta and Aten, 1993). According to MarguÄ ± 2004, the leaching test, which is based on a German Standard Method (DIN 38414-S4) was developed to assess leaching of sludge and sediments from water and wastewater treatment. Among single extraction methods, CaCl2 and DTPA were the most widely used extractants (Wang 2004; Houba et al., 1996; Novozamsky et al., 1993). 2.5.1. Complexing extractant (EDTA) Beckett, 1989, McLaughlin et al., 2000, 33 has been to express heavy-metal levels in soils as plant- or potentially plant-available metal levels rather than â€Å"total† concentrations. This implies that â€Å"weaker† extractants or chelating agents be used in heavy-metal studies. EDTA, in either the di-sodium or di-ammonium salt form, has been used extensively in a host of studies as an extractant of potentially plant- available heavy metals. Baig et al. 2010; David Fangueiro 2002; Ure et al., 1993, Quevauviller et al. 1998 reported using a single extraction scheme such as extraction with EDTA has been suggested by the Measurement and Testing Programme, in order to analyze the bioavailable HM. However, these methods of evaluation are attained under equilibrium conditions and the bioavailability and distribution of species, achieved only by thermodynamic considerations is also of limited application. 2.5.2. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.01 M Calcium Chloride (Jones 2007; McBride et al., 2003; Houba et al., 2000; van Erp et al., 1998) have been suggested as measure of phytoavailability for selected HM in soil and solid samples. The bioavailable extractable trace and toxic HM were also evaluated by using 0.01 M CaCl2 as an extractant (Menzies et al., 2007; Kuo et al., 2006). Xiao-ping et al., 2004 have described that the CaCl2 is one of the main constituents of soil background electrolytes. The HM, which are accumulated in soil, may weaken and break the bonding sites of calcium (Razic 2006). 2.5.3. Water extraction fraction (DIN test 38414-S4) Leita and Nobili, 1991, examined that most readily bioavailable fractions of organics and HM are the water-soluble in composts applied to soils. So that the water soluble extraction in soil is always thought to be the portion of the most weakly bound forms to the solid phase (Akira Takeda. 2006). The deionized water was used for the water extraction, these extraction methods were initiated with 1:10 ratio of soil and extract volume, at room temperature and shaken for 2-hours then flirted and analyzed (Berti and Jacob, 1996).

Gender Roles in Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare Essay

Throughout Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, there is an overlaying presence of the typical roles that men and women were supposed to play. During Elizabethan times there was a major difference between the way men and women were supposed to act. Men typically were supposed to be masculine and powerful, and defend the honor. Women, on the other hand, were supposed to be subservient to their men in their lives and do as ever they wished. In Romeo and Juliet the typical gender roles that men and women were supposed to play had an influence on the fate of their lives. The beginning of Act one opens with a brawl in the street between the servants of the Capulets and the Montagues. The origin of the fight introduces the important theme of masculine honor. Sampson, one of Capulets servants, shows this masculinity by saying, â€Å"Draw, if you be men.† (I.i.64). Later on in the play in Act II, scene i. the display of honor and masculinity comes up again during the fight between Mercutio and Tybault. As Mercutio lay slain Romeo says to him, â€Å"Courage, man. The hurt cannot be much.† (III.i.96). Even as his friend is dying the two men try and act masculine because they did not want to show their fears. But on the other side of this masculinity is love. For Elizabethan society believed that a man who loved too much lost his masculinity. Romeo clearly subscribes to that belief when he states that his love for Juliet made him â€Å"effeminate.† During Elizabethan times wo...

Free Essays - Notes on The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Notes on The Great Gatsby Chapter 1 Characters Introduced: * Nick Carraway - A wealthy mid-westerner in his mid-twenties who fought in world war one, currently working in New York city and living next door to Mr.Gastby. * Daisy - Nick's second cousin is very cynical and bored with the rich life, married to Tom Buchanan. * Tom Buchanan - Nick's friend from Yale, very wealthy and successful, and very pretentious. * Jordan Baker - A golfer who spends time with the Buchanan's, also very snooty. Literary Period: * "I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War"(7) - World War One is spoken of as the great war * "Just as things grow in fast movies"(8) - Stop motion movies were a novelty at that time. * Everybody invests or talks about stocks. Style: * Complex wording and sentence structure: "But I didn't call to him for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone - he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling."(25) Characterization: * "It's all scientific stuff; it's been proved."(17) - Tom claims to very educated, but he speaks incorrectly, saying "proved" instead of "proven" * "Something was making him nibble at the edge of stale ideas as if his sturdy physical egotism no longer nourished his peremptory heart." - Sums up Tom's attitude; he wants to be better than someone, so he finds snooty books with illogical ideas to back up his racist feeling of superiority. Literary Devices: * "secrets that only Midas and Morgan and Maecenas knew"(8) - allusion to King Midas and other fables. * "their dresses were rippling and fluttering as if they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house."(12) - simile. * "on which two young women were buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon"(12) - simile * "as if each speech is in arrangement of notes that will never be played again."(13) - simile. Summary: The author, Nick Carraway moves to the New York area to become a bond man. He spends the afternoon with his second cousin, Daisy, and her husband Tom Buchanan, who are very wealthy, and the evening is filled with a lot of talk about nothing, except that Tom has a mistress somewhere.

James Prescott Joule :: biographies biography bio

James Prescott Joule was born December 24, in 1818. James Joule was born into the wealthy brewing family of Benjamin and Alice Joule. In 1847 James Joule married Amelia Grimes, a daughter of the Liverpool Comptroller of Customs. James Joule and Amelia had three children: Benjamin Arthur (born 1849), Alice Amelia (born 1852) and a son who died in 1854 along with his wife during child birth. In 1843 James Joule read his paper to the British Association, entitled "On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity and on the Mechanical Value of Heat." This paper described the physical constant that showed that heat was a form of energy. This constant is known as "J", or "Joule's Equivalent." The unit of heat, work and internal energy are measured in joules (J). James Prescott Joule died October 11 in 1889. James Joule is buried in Westminster Abbey along with other famous people. Those Who Inspired John Dalton James Joule was tutored as a young boy by John Dalton: John Dalton was a well known Chemist and Physicist. John Dalton was born September 6 in 1766 and died July 27 in 1844. John Dalton is most recognized for his findings, which later is known as "the atomic theory". The atomic theory is the theory of the nature of matter. It states that: "all matter is composed of atoms." Lord Kelvin James Joule worked with Lord Kelvin on experiments, which later became know as the Joule-Thomson Effect: Lord Kelvin was a well known Mathematical Physicist. The well known "Lord Kelvin" born as William Thomson, June 26 in 1824 and later died December 17 in 1907. William Thomson later became the 1st Baron Kelvin, he was known as "Lord Kelvin." Lord Kelvin is most recognized for his work in thermodynamics and Kelvin temperature scale. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius James Joule was inspired by the work of Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius: Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was a Physicist and a Mathematician. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was born January 2 in 1822, and died August 24 in 1888. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius is most recognized for his work in thermodynamics. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius introduced the concept of entropy. The Experiments (Known Today as Research) Paddle Wheel Experiment James Joule's Paddle Wheel Experiment determined the existence of a relation between heat and mechanical work. He established this by a method involving the churning water in a calorimeter by means of paddles driven by various falling weights. Through this experiment James Joule established what we call today the First Law of Thermodynamics.

Alabama School District Essay

The purpose of this research is to look at rural Alabama school districts and to look at the overall effects that the exit examinations have had on the teachers and how they choose to teach in their classrooms. The problem has been that it has been suggested that the exit examinations have been biased towards students who being taught in specific school districts and these are typically associated with the urban locations. It has also been suggested that there be needs to be a difference in the instructional practices of the teachers in order to be able to do well on their exit examinations. Research Questions There are many research questions that can be answered through the research. One of the main questions is: What is the overall effect that the examination has had on how teachers’ are instructing their classrooms? Some other questions that can be answered include the following. How has your teaching style changed since the exit examination has been in place? What are the disadvantages to the exit examination? What are the advantages to the exit examination? Is there biasness against the rural school districts in the exit examination? Has the overall effect of the exit examination been good or bad for the students? What are the disadvantages for teachers who are teaching with the exit examination in place? To be able to answer these questions fully and completely will best show how the teachers are able to be in a better situation no matter what school district they are teaching in or the location of the school district.